International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
(The Rome Convention)
Article 1
Article 1
Protection granted under this Convention shall leave intact and shall in no way affect the protection of copyright in
literary and artistic works. Consequently, no provision of this Convention may be interpreted as prejudicing such
protection.
Article 2
1. For the purpose of this Convention, national treatment shall mean the treatment accorded by the domestic law of the
Contracting State in which protection is claimed:
(a) to performers who are its nationals, as regards performances taking place, broadcast, or first fixed, on its territory;
(b) to producers of phonograms who are its nationals as regards phonograms first fixed or first published on its
territory;
(c) to broadcasting organisations which have their headquarters on its territory, as regards broadcasts transmitted
from transmitters situated on its territory.
2. National treatment shall be subject to the protection specifically guaranteed, and the limitations specifically provided
for, in this Convention.
Article 3
For the purposes of this Convention:
(a) ''Performers'' means actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other persons who act, sing, deliver, declaim, play in, or
otherwise perform literary or artistic works;
(b) ''Phonogram'' means any exclusively aural fixation of sounds of a performance or of other sounds;
(c) ''Producer of phonograms'' means the person who, or the legal entity which, first fixes the sounds of a
performance or other sounds;
(d) ''Publication'' means the offering of copies of a phonogram to the public in reasonable quantity;
(e) ''Reproduction'' means the making of a copy or copies of a fixation;
(f) ''Broadcasting'' means the transmission by wireless means for public reception of sounds or of images and
sounds;
(g) ''Rebroadcasting'' means the simultaneous broadcasting by one broadcasting organisation of the broadcast of
another broadcasting organisation.
Article 4
Each Contracting State shall grant national treatment to performers if any of the following conditions is met:
(a) the performance takes place in another Contracting State;
(b) the performance is incorporated in a phonogram which is protected under Article 5 of this Convention;
(c) the performance, not being fixed on a phonogram, is carried by a broadcast which is protected by Article 6 of
this Convention.
Article 5
1. Each Contracting State shall grant national treatment to producers of phonograms if any of the following conditions is
met:
(a) the producer of the phonogram is a national of another Contracting State (criterion of nationality);
(b) the first fixation of the sound was made in another Contracting State (criterion of fixation);
(c) the phonogram was first published in another Contracting State (criterion of publication).
2. If a phonogram was first published in a non-contracting State but if it was also published, within 30 days of its first
publication, in a Contracting State (simultaneous publication), it shall be considered as first published in the Contracting
State.
3. By means of a notification deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, any Contracting State
may declare that it will not apply the criterion of publication or, alternatively, the criterion of fixation. Such notification
may be deposited at the time of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time thereafter; in the last case, it shall
become effective six months after it has been deposited.
Article 6
1. Each Contracting State shall grant national treatment to broadcasting organisations if either of the following
conditions is met:
(a) the headquarters of the broadcasting organisation is situated in another Contracting State;
(b) the broadcast was transmitted from a transmitter situated in another Contracting State.
2. By means of a notification deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, any Contracting State may
declare that it will protect broadcasts only if the headquarters of the broadcasting organisation is situated in another
Contracting State and the broadcast was transmitted from a transmitter situated in the same Contracting State. Such
notification may be deposited at the time of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time thereafter; in the last
case, it shall become effective six months after it has been deposited.
Article 7
1. The protection provided for performers by this Convention shall include the possibility of preventing:
(a) the broadcasting and the communication to the public, without their consent, of their performance, except where the
performance used in the broadcasting or the public communication is itself already a broadcast performance or is made
from a fixation;
(b) the fixation, without their consent, of their unfixed performance;
(c) the reproduction, without their consent, of a fixation of their performance:
(i) if the original fixation itself was made without their consent;
(ii) if the reproduction is made for purposes different from those for which the performers gave their consent;
(iii) if the original fixation was made in accordance with the provisions of Article 15, and the reproduction is made
for purposes different from those referred to in those provisions.
2. (1) If broadcasting was consented to by the performers, it shall be a matter for the domestic law of the Contracting
State where protection is claimed to regulate the protection against rebroadcasting, fixation for broadcasting purposes,
and the reproduction of such fixation for broadcasting purposes.
(2) The terms and conditions governing the use by broadcasting organisations of fixations made for broadcasting
purposes shall be determined in accordance with the domestic law of the Contracting State where protection is claimed.
(3) However, the domestic law referred to in sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph shall not operate to
deprive performers of the ability to control, by contract, their relations with broadcasting organisations.
Article 8
Any Contracting State may, by its domestic laws and regulations, specify the manner in which performers will be
represented in connection with the exercise of their rights if several of them participate in the same performance.
Article 9
Any Contracting State may, by its domestic laws and regulations, extend the protection provided for in this
Convention to artists who do not perform literary or artistic works.
Article 10
Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their
phonograms.
Article 11
If, as a condition of protecting the rights of producers of phonograms, or of performers, or both, in relation to
phonograms, a Contracting State, under its domestic law, requires compliance with formalities, these shall be
considered as fulfilled if all the copies in commerce of the published phonogram or their containers bear a notice
consisting of the symbol p, accompanied by the year date of the first publication, placed in such a manner as to give
reasonable notice of claim of protection; and if the copies or their containers do not identify the producer or the licensee
of the producer (by carrying his name, trademark or other appropriate designation), the notice shall also include the
name of the owner of the rights of the producer; and, furthermore, if the copies or their containers do not identify the
principal performers, the notice shall also include the name of the person who, in the country in which the fixation was
effected, owns the rights of such performers.
Article 12
If a phonogram published for commercial purposes, or a reproduction of such phonogram, is used directly for
broadcasting or for any communication to the public, a single equitable remuneration shall be paid by the user to the
performers, or to the producers of the phonograms, or to both. Domestic law may, in the absence of agreement between
these parties, lay down the conditions as to the sharing of this remuneration.
Article 13
Broadcasting organisations shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit:
(a) the rebroadcasting of their broadcasts;
(b) the fixation of their broadcasts;
(c) the reproduction:
(i) of fixations, made without their consent, of their broadcasts;
(ii) of fixations, made in accordance with the provisions of Article 15, of their broadcasts, if the reproduction is
made for purposes different from those referred to in those provisions;
(d) the communication to the public of their television broadcasts if such communication is made in places accessible to
the public against payment of an entrance fee; it shall be a matter for the domestic law of the State where protection of
this right is claimed to determine the conditions under which it may be exercised.
Article 14
The term of protection to be granted under this Convention shall last at least until the end of a period of 20 years
computed from the end of the year in which:
(a) the fixation was made--for phonograms and for performances incorporated therein;
(b) the performance took place--for performances not incorporated in phonograms;
(c) the broadcast took place--for broadcasts.
Article 15
1. Any Contracting State may, in its domestic laws and regulations, provide for exceptions to the protection guaranteed
by this Convention as regards:
(a) private use;
(b) use of short excerpts in connection with the reporting of current events;
(c) ephemeral fixation by a broadcasting organisation by means of its own facilities and for its own broadcasts;
(d) use solely for the purposes of teaching or scientific research.
2. Irrespective of paragraph 1 of this Article, any Contracting State may, in its domestic laws and regulations, provide
for the same kinds of limitations with regard to the protection of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting
organisations, as it provides for, in its domestic laws and regulations, in connection with the protection of copyright in
literary and artistic works. However, compulsory licenses may be provided for only to the extent to which they are
compatible with this Convention.
Article 16
1. Any State, upon becoming party to this Convention, shall be bound by all the obligations and shall enjoy all the
benefits thereof. However, a State may at any time, in a notification deposited with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations, declare that:
(a) as regards Article 12:
(i) it will not apply the provisions of that Article;
(ii) it will not apply the provisions of that Article in respect of certain uses;
(iii) as regards phonograms the producer of which is not a national of another Contracting State, it will not apply
that Article;
(iv) as regards phonograms the producer of which is a national of another Contracting State, it will limit the
protection provided for by that Article to the extent to which, and to the term for which the latter State grants protection
to phonograms first fixed by a national of the State making the declaration; however, the fact that the Contracting State
of which the producer is a national does not grant the protection to the same beneficiary or beneficiaries as the State
making the declaration shall not be considered as a difference in the extent of the protection;
(b) as regards Article 13, it will not apply item (d) of that Article; if a Contracting State makes such a declaration, the
other Contracting States shall not be obliged to grant the right referred to in Article 13, item (d), to broadcasting
organizations whose headquarters are in that State.
2. If the notification referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article is made after the date of the deposit of the instrument of
ratification, acceptance or accession, the declaration will become effective six months after it has been deposited.
Article 17
Any State which, on October 26, 1961, grants protection to producers of phonograms solely on the basis of the
criterion of fixation may, by a notification deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations at the tine of
ratification, acceptance or accession, declare that it will apply, for the purposes of Article 5, the criterion of fixation
alone and, for the purposes of paragraph 1(a)(iii) and (iv) of Article 16, the criterion of fixation instead of the criterion
of nationality.
Article 18
Any State which has deposited a notification under paragraph 3 of Article 5, paragraph 2 of Article 6, paragraph 1
of Article 16 or Article 17, may, by a further notification deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
reduce its scope or withdraw it.
Article 19
Notwithstanding anything in this Convention, once a performer has consented to the incorporation of his
performance in a visual or audio-visual fixation, Article 7 shall have no further application.
Article 20
1. This Convention shall not prejudice rights acquired in any Contracting State before the date of coming into force
of this Convention for that State.
2. No Contracting State shall be bound to apply the provisions of this Convention to performances or broadcasts
which took place, or to phonograms which were fixed, before the date of coming into force of this Convention for that
State.
Article 21
The protection provided for in this Convention shall not prejudice any protection otherwise secured to performers,
producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations.
Article 22
Contracting States reserve the right to enter into special agreements among themselves in so far as such agreements
grant to performers, producers of phonograms or broadcasting organisations more extensive rights than those granted by
this Convention or contain other provisions not contrary to this Convention.
Article 23
This Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. It shall be open until June 30,
1962 for signature by any State invited to the Diplomatic Conference on the International Protection of Performers,
Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations which is a party to the Universal Copyright Convention or a
member of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
Article 24
1. This Convention shall be subject to ratification or acceptance by the signatory States.
2. This Convention shall be open for accession by any State invited to the Conference referred to in Article 23, and
by any State Member of the United Nations, provided that in either case such State is a party to the Universal Copyright
Convention or a member of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
3. Ratification, acceptance or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 25
1. This Convention shall come into force three months after the date of deposit of the sixth instrument of
ratification, acceptance or accession.
2. Subsequently, this Convention shall come into force in respect of each state three months after the date of deposit
of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession.
Article 26
1. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance with its Constitution, the measures necessary to
ensure the application of this Convention.
2. At the time of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, each State must be in a position
under its domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.
Article 27
1. Any State may, at the time of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time thereafter, declare by
notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations that this Convention shall extend to all or any of
the territories for whose international relations it is responsible, provided that the Universal Copyright Convention or
the International Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works applies to the territory or territories
concerned. This notification shall take effect three months after the date of its receipt.
2. The notification referred to in paragraph 3 of Article 5, paragraph 2 of Article 6, paragraph 1 of Article 16 and
Articles 17 and 18, may be extended to cover all or any of the territories referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.
Article 28
1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention, on its own behalf, or on behalf of all or any of the
territories referred to in Article 27.
2. The denunciation shall be effected by a notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and
shall take effect 12 months after the date of receipt of the notification.
3. The right of denunciation shall not be exercised by a Contracting State before the expiry of a period of five years
from the date on which the Convention came into force with respect to that State.
4. A Contracting State shall cease to be a party to this Convention from that time when it is neither a party to the
Universal Copyright Convention nor a member of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works.
5. This Convention shall cease to apply to any territory referred to in Article 27 from that time when neither the
Universal Copyright Convention nor the International Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
applies to that territory.
Article 29
1. After this Convention has been in force for five years, any Contracting State may, by notification addressed to
the Secretary-General of the United Nations, request that a conference be convened for the purpose of revising the
Convention. The Secretary-General shall notify all Contracting States of this request. If, within a period of six months
following the date of notification by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, not less than one half of the
Contracting States notify him of their concurrence with the request, the Secretary-General shall inform the Director-
General of the International Labour Office, the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization and the Director of the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works, who shall convene a revision conference in cooperation with the Intergovernmental Committee
provided for in Article 32.
2. The adoption of any revision of this Convention shall require an affirmative vote by two-thirds of the States
attending the revision conference, provided that this majority includes two-thirds of the States which, at the time of the
revision conference, are parties to the Convention.
3. In the event of adoption of a Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, and unless the revising
Convention provides otherwise:
(a) this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification, acceptance or accession as from the date of entry into force of
the revising Convention;
(b) this Convention shall remain in force as regards relations between or with Contracting States which have not
become parties to the revising Convention.
Article 30
Any dispute which may arise between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application
of this Convention and which is not settled by negotiation shall, at the request of any one of the parties to the dispute, be
referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless they agree to another mode of settlement.
Article 31
Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 5, paragraph 2 of Article 6, paragraph 1 of Article 16
and Article 17, no reservation may be made to this Convention.
Article 32
1. An Intergovernmental Committee is hereby established with the following duties:
(a) to study questions concerning the application and operation of this Convention; and
(b) to collect proposals and to prepare documentation for possible revision of this Convention.
2. The Committee shall consist of representatives of the Contracting States, chosen with due regard to equitable
geographical distribution. The number of members shall be 6 if there are 12 Contracting States or less, 9 if there are 13
to 18 Contracting States and 12 if there are more than 18 Contracting States.
3. The Committee shall be constituted twelve months after the Convention comes into force by an election
organized among the Contracting States, each of which shall have one vote, by the Director-General of the International
Labour Office, the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the
Director of the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, in accordance with
rules previously approved by a majority of all Contracting States.
4. The Committee shall elect its Chairman and officers. It shall establish its own rules of procedure. These rules
shall in particular provide for the future operation of the Committee and for a method of selecting its members for the
future in such a way as to ensure rotation among the various Contracting States.
5. Officials of the International Labour Office, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization and the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, designated by
the Directors-General and the Director thereof, shall constitute the Secretariat of the Committee.
6. Meetings of the Committee, which shall be convened whenever a majority of its members deems it necessary,
shall be held successively at the headquarters of the International Labour Office, the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works.
7. Expenses of members of the Committee shall be borne by their respective Governments.
Article 33
1. The present Convention is drawn up in English, French and Spanish, the three texts being equally authentic.
2. In addition, official texts of the present Convention shall be drawn up in German, Italian, and Portuguese.
Article 34
1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the States invited to the Conference referred to in
Article 23 and every State Member of the United Nations, as well as the Director-General of the International Labour
Office, the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Director of
the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works:
(a) of the deposit of each instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession;
(b) of the date of entry into force of the Convention;
(c) of all notifications, declarations or communications provided for in this Convention;
(d) if any of the situations referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 28 arise.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall also notify the Director-General of the International Labour
Office, the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Director of
the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of the requests communicated to
him in accordance with Article 29, as well as of any communication received from the Contracting States concerning
the revision of the Convention.
IN FAITH WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention.
Done at Rome, this twenty-sixth day of October 1961, in a single copy in the English, French and Spanish
languages. Certified true copies shall be delivered by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to all the States
invited to the Conference referred to in Article 23 and to every State Member of the United Nations, as well as to the
Director-General of the International Labour Office, the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization and the Director of the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works.
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